栽培茄与水茄远缘杂交F_1植物学性状及不育性分析

以栽培茄116、117与野生水茄的杂交后代F1为材料,对其进行形态学分析和不育性研究。结果表明:F1多数形态特征偏向野生亲本水茄,并且表现为不育。通过对F1花粉形态、数量以及活性分析得出,其败育主要表现在花粉畸形且活力为零,花瓣不能正常开放。同时试验通过对水茄和栽培茄与杂交后代F1进行回交,然后对授粉后1~6d柱头进行荧光染色分析,发现父母本花粉与杂交后代F1柱头不亲和,不能完成正常的授粉受精。     

白杨派杂种无性系及其亲本光合和生长对盐胁迫的反应

以白杨派单交和双交杂种无性系1年生扦插苗为材料,分析不同盐胁迫条件下无性系的生长及光合系统的反应,并对无性系间的差异进行比较.研究表明:盐胁迫对叶片生长、苗高生长及苗木生物量积累均产生不同程度的影响.随着盐浓度升高,各项生长指标迅速下降,但下降的幅度不同,苗木生物量积累受影响最大.茎叶生长对盐胁迫的敏感性大于根系生长,从而导致根/(茎 叶)生物量随盐胁迫的发展而升高.盐胁迫下4个无性系的净光合速率(Pn)日变化基本上都呈单峰曲线,但随胁迫加强,Pn值迅速降低.盐胁迫下,叶位从幼到老,Pn表现为单峰型变化,中部功能叶Pn值最大,嫩叶和老叶较小,盐胁迫对无性系嫩叶Pn几乎无影响,却显著降低中部功能叶和老叶的Pn值,且随着胁迫时间延长,对叶片Pn的影响加强.盐胁迫降低各无性系的叶绿素含量,且使叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显变化,其参数qN(荧光非光化学猝灭系数)值随盐浓度增加而上升,而qp(荧光光化学猝灭系数)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)值随盐浓度增加而下降.盐胁迫对双交杂种无性系B430影响最小,单交无性系毛新杨和亲本新疆杨次之,亲本毛白杨对盐胁迫反应最敏感.     

地锦和五叶地锦种间杂交不亲和性初步研究

将地锦和五叶地锦杂交,未能获得杂交种。对人工辅助自交和杂交后,花粉萌发和花粉管生长情况进行了荧光显微观测。观察发现：人工辅助自交后,花粉粒可在各自柱头表面正常萌发,花粉管可伸入花柱内。将地锦和五叶地锦杂交时,多数花粉粒不能在柱头表面萌发,或者花粉管呈卷曲、先端膨大、破裂等异常现象。授粉后2～48h的花柱中,未观察到花粉管。由此推断,地锦和五叶地锦之间的不亲和发生在柱头表面。     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系和保持系SSH-cDNA文库的构建

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系A1、A5为驱动方(driver),以其相应的保持系B1、B5为测验方(tester),利用抑制差减杂交技术构建了1个辣椒细胞质雄性不育保持系表达基因的正向差减cDNA文库。从差减文库中筛选到189个阳性单克隆,经高密度点阵膜杂交筛选和测序分析,共获得了42条表达序列标签(ESTs)。BLAST比对分析后,得到了35条有比对结果的序列,其中包括26条已知功能基因序列和9条未知功能基因序列,已知基因功能多与基础物质代谢、胁迫应答、信号转导等方面有关;有7条ESTs没有比对结果,可能代表一些新基因。     

Enriching novel Glu-Ax alleles and significantly strengthening gluten properties of common wheat through wide hybridization with wild emmer

Two hybrids, BAd7-209 and BAd7-210, were obtained by wide hybridization between wild emmer D97 and weak gluten cultivar CN16. They had a genetic background of common wheat, resulting from continuous selfing over nine times. These hybrids were better than CN16 in dough quality and processing quality tests. BAd7-210 was better than medium gluten wheat cultivar MM37, and BAd7-209 was far better than moderate to strong gluten wheat cultivar SM482. Through chromosome engineering, BAd7-210 possessed the 1Ax2.2 of male D97, and BAd7-209 had the 1Ax1.2 which was caused by complex variation because of cross-parents’ genomic asymmetry. The open reading frames (ORFs) of two novel active Glu-Ax alleles 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1.2 were 2496 bp and 2514 bp, encoding 830 and 836 amino acid residues, respectively. The 1Ax1.2 was the second longest Glu-Ax gene discovered to date, and it had two deletions and one insertion besides many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared with the 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1. The longer polypeptide of 1Ax1.2 should explain why BAd7-209 has better processing quality than BAd7-210. Therefore, wild emmer could be effectively utilized to enrich the 1Ax alleles of common wheat through direct cross transferring and generating novel allele variation, which could significantly enhance the gluten strength.     

Effects of intraspecific hybridisation between two hatchery‐reared strains of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,on juvenile survival and fitness‐related traits

Intraspecific hybridisation may result in hybrid offspring exhibiting superior (heterosis) or inferior (outbreeding depression) fitness relative to their parental populations. As both have been demonstrated in salmonids, consequences of interbreeding between divergent populations are relevant to their conservation. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. were extirpated from Lake Ontario by the late 19th Century due to anthropogenic causes. Multiple allopatric populations of hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon are being stocked in an effort to re‐establish a self‐sustaining population. This study evaluated whether interbreeding between Sebago Lake (Maine) and LaHave River (Nova Scotia) individuals will result in heterosis or outbreeding depression in juveniles. This was accomplished through full‐factorial 2 × 2 mating crosses between the strains and comparing multiple fitness‐related traits between the cross types. Hybrid juveniles displayed no signs of outbreeding depression nor heterosis. Further studies on comparative fitness of backcross and F₂ hybrids are recommended to assess potential consequences for this and similar restoration efforts.     

利用iTRAQ技术和转录组筛选芍药属远缘杂交不亲和基因

【目的】远缘杂交育种是目前牡丹、芍药品种改良和育种的主要方法,而远缘杂交不亲和一直是制约其快速发展的主要因素。本研究从牡丹、芍药远缘杂交授粉后不亲和应答相关的柱头差异蛋白与转录组方面深入研究,揭示牡丹、芍药远缘杂交不亲和的分子机理,为杂交育种提供理论依据。【方法】以芍药‘粉玉奴’自交、芍药‘粉玉奴’与牡丹‘凤丹白’杂交为供试材料,在授粉后24 h采取柱头,分别进行同位素标记相对定量（iTRAQ）和转录组技术分析。对所获得的蛋白和转录组数据进行生物信息学分析,并对其中可能与远缘杂交不亲和相关的基因进行定量PCR验证。【结果】利用iTRAQ技术分析牡丹、芍药远缘杂交后柱头中蛋白质的表达差异,共鉴定到685个差异蛋白,富集到了188条通路,其中显著富集的Pathway有18条。与不亲和授粉相关代谢通路有RNA降解、钙信号途径、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,MAPK）信号途径、磷脂酰肌醇信号系统。在RNA降解代谢通路中,烯醇酶（Enolase）、热休克蛋白DnaK（HSP70）及病菌抗原（GroEL）均表达下调。在钙信号途径中,钙调蛋白（CALM）表达下调,腺苷酸转运酶（adenine nucleotide translocase,ANT）表达量增加,表达上调。MAPK信号途径中,乙二醛酶Ⅰ（GloI）表达下调。磷脂酰肌醇信号系统中的钙调蛋白（CALM）表达下调。随机选取与差异蛋白相关的6个基因进行qRT-PCR验证,结果显示,6个基因的表达与蛋白质水平趋势相一致,均表达下调。通过转录组测序,共获得了52 998个有注释信息的Unigene,占所有Unigene的40.37%。基于6组样品的RPKM（Reads Per Kilobase per Million）值,共筛选到16 224个差异基因。其中上调基因13 361,下调基因2 863个。对差异基因进行Pathway显著富集分析,杂交与自交相比,不亲和差异表达的基因主要富集在氧化磷酸化代谢、ABC转运蛋白、次级代谢产物等通路。与远缘杂交不亲和相关且发生显著变化的基因有CalS-5、CalS-12（胼胝质酶）和SPL（squamosa promoter binding protein-like）表达上调,ABCF（ABC transporter family protein）表达下调。【结论】在转录组和蛋白数据共注释到6个蛋白、4个基因与植物不亲和性密切相关,这些蛋白与基因可能在远缘杂交不亲和方面发挥着重要作用。     

小菊新品种‘枫林黄星’和‘枫林红晕’

小菊新品种‘枫林黄星’是以‘Branice Sunny’为母本,‘183’株系为父本经人工杂交选育而成,舌状花亮黄色,头状花序直径3.7 cm,冠幅63.8 cm,单株着花1 007朵。‘枫林红晕’是以‘388’株系为母本,从德国引进的多个品种为父本混合授粉选育而成,舌状花中上部粉色,下部白色,头状花序直径3.6 cm,冠幅60.2 cm,单株着花847朵。两个新品种冠幅大,株形紧凑丰满,呈半圆形,群体效果良好,适于北京地区秋季绿化。     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

城市绿地彩叶树种观赏价值综合评价与分级

为解决城市绿地景观色彩单调、彩叶植物配置不合理等问题,在详细调查兰州市城市绿地彩叶树种资源的基础上,以兰州市近年来主要利用的21种彩叶树种为研究对象,对其的观赏特性及生态习性进行详细的观察与记录。同时选择13个重要评价因子,建立城市绿地彩叶树种综合评价模型,采用层次分析法进行观赏价值综合评价,并根据评价结果对其进行观赏等级划分,结果表明:(1)在13个评价因子中耐寒性、呈彩期、耐旱性和抗病虫害对观赏价值的贡献率较大。(2)综合评价等级分为3个等级,Ⅰ级(M≥80%),观赏价值高的种类,共计4种;Ⅱ级(79%≥M≥60%),观赏价值较高的种类,共计13种;Ⅲ级(M≤59%)观赏价值一般的种类,共计4种。(3)Ⅰ级的种类建议作为兰州市城市绿地规划的首选物种,Ⅱ级的种类建议在城市绿地规划中大量使用,Ⅲ级的种类建议根据实地情况,在特定条件下选用。